Control Flow

If-Else Statements

If / Else

Run

int age = 18; if (age >= 18) { print("Adult"); } else { print("Minor"); } // Logical operators if (age >= 18 && age < 65) { print("Working age"); }

Ternary Operator

cond ? then : else is the expression form of if/else — it produces a value, so you can use it inline in an assignment, a function argument, or a return. Only the chosen branch is evaluated (lazy), so a side effect in the untaken branch never fires.

Ternary

Run

int age = 20; str status = age >= 18 ? "adult" : "minor"; print(status); // adult // Nesting is right-associative — a clean grade ladder func grade(int s) { return s >= 90 ? "A" : s >= 80 ? "B" : s >= 70 ? "C" : "F"; } print(grade(85)); // B // Works inline as a function argument func abs(int n) { return n < 0 ? 0 - n : n; } print(abs(0 - 42)); // 42

It binds looser than every other operator (including && / ||), so a + b > 4 ? x : y parses as ((a + b) > 4) ? x : y, and a ? b : c ? d : e parses as a ? b : (c ? d : e).

While Loop

While Loop

Run

int i = 0; while (i < 10) { print(i); i++; }

For Loop

Tulpar supports both C-style for loops and for-each loops:

For Loops

Run

// C-style for loop for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { print("i =", i); } // For-each with range for (i in range(10)) { print("i =", i); }

Match Expressions

match is a Rust-style pattern match. Unlike a C switch, it is an expression — it produces a value, so you can assign it directly. Each arm is pattern => body; _ is the catch-all wildcard. Arms support single literals, |-alternatives, and inclusive lo .. hi ranges.

Match as an expression

Run

func grade(int score) { return match score { 90 => "A", 80 => "B", 70 => "C", _ => "F" }; } print(grade(90)); // A print(grade(55)); // F (no literal matched, fell through to _)

Patterns can match a set of values or a range. The subject is evaluated once, and the first matching arm wins:

Alternatives and ranges

Run

func bucket(int n) { return match n { 0 => "zero", 1 | 2 | 3 => "small", 10 .. 20 => "teens", _ => "big" }; } print(bucket(2)); // small print(bucket(15)); // teens print(bucket(99)); // big

match also works in statement position with block arms, and the subject may be any expression (int, string, or bool):

Statement-position match

Run

str cmd = "stop"; match cmd { "go" => { print("moving"); }, "stop" => { print("halted"); }, _ => { print("idle"); } }

Note

v1 patterns match scalar values (int / string / bool). Struct/array destructuring patterns are planned for a later release.